Стандартизированный глоссарий

Данный глоссарий должен стать исчерпывающим стандартизированным списком терминологии в Kubernetes. Он включает технические термины, специфичные для Kubernetes, а также более общие термины, которые полезно знать.

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• Add-ons

  Resources that extend the functionality of Kubernetes.

  [+]

  Installing addons explains more about using add-ons with your cluster, and lists some popular add-ons.

• Admission Controller

  A piece of code that intercepts requests to the Kubernetes API server prior to persistence of the object.

  [+]

  Admission controllers are configurable for the Kubernetes API server and may be "validating", "mutating", or both. Any admission controller may reject the request. Mutating controllers may modify the objects they admit; validating controllers may not.

  • Admission controllers in the Kubernetes documentation
• Affinity

  In Kubernetes, affinity is a set of rules that give hints to the scheduler about where to place pods.

  [+]

  There are two kinds of affinity:

  • node affinity
  • pod-to-pod affinity

  The rules are defined using the Kubernetes labels, and selectors specified in pods, and they can be either required or preferred, depending on how strictly you want the scheduler to enforce them.

• Aggregation Layer

  The aggregation layer lets you install additional Kubernetes-style APIs in your cluster.

  [+]

  When you've configured the Kubernetes API Server to support additional APIs, you can add APIService objects to "claim" a URL path in the Kubernetes API.

• Annotation

  A key-value pair that is used to attach arbitrary non-identifying metadata to objects.

  [+]

  The metadata in an annotation can be small or large, structured or unstructured, and can include characters not permitted by labels. Clients such as tools and libraries can retrieve this metadata.

• API Group

  A set of related paths in Kubernetes API.

  [+]

  You can enable or disable each API group by changing the configuration of your API server. You can also disable or enable paths to specific resources. API group makes it easier to extend the Kubernetes API. The API group is specified in a REST path and in the apiVersion field of a serialized object.

  • Read API Group for more information.
• API-сервер
  Также известный как: kube-apiserver
  

  API-сервер — компонент управляющего слоя Kubernetes, который делаает доступным Kubernetes API. API-сервер — это фронтенд управляющего слоя Kubernetes.

  [+]

  Основной реализацией API-сервера Kubernetes является kube-apiserver. kube-apiserver предназначен для горизонтального масштабирования, то есть он масштабируется при развёртывании на множестве экземплярах. Вы можете запускать множество экземпляров kube-apiserver и балансировать трафик между ними.

• App Container

  Application containers (or app containers) are the containers in a pod that are started after any init containers have completed.

  [+]

  An init container lets you separate initialization details that are important for the overall workload, and that don't need to keep running once the application container has started. If a pod doesn't have any init containers configured, all the containers in that pod are app containers.

• Application Architect

  A person responsible for the high-level design of an application.

  [+]

  An architect ensures that an app's implementation allows it to interact with its surrounding components in a scalable, maintainable way. Surrounding components include databases, logging infrastructure, and other microservices.

• Application Developer

  A person who writes an application that runs in a Kubernetes cluster.

  [+]

  An application developer focuses on one part of an application. The scale of their focus may vary significantly in size.

• Applications
  The layer where various containerized applications run. [+]

  The layer where various containerized applications run.

• Approver

  A person who can review and approve Kubernetes code contributions.

  [+]

  While code review is focused on code quality and correctness, approval is focused on the holistic acceptance of a contribution. Holistic acceptance includes backwards/forwards compatibility, adhering to API and flag conventions, subtle performance and correctness issues, interactions with other parts of the system, and others. Approver status is scoped to a part of the codebase. Approvers were previously referred to as maintainers.

• cAdvisor

  cAdvisor (Container Advisor) provides container users an understanding of the resource usage and performance characteristics of their running containers.

  [+]

  It is a running daemon that collects, aggregates, processes, and exports information about running containers. Specifically, for each container it keeps resource isolation parameters, historical resource usage, histograms of complete historical resource usage and network statistics. This data is exported by container and machine-wide.

• Certificate

  A cryptographically secure file used to validate access to the Kubernetes cluster.

  [+]

  Certificates enable applications within a Kubernetes cluster to access the Kubernetes API securely. Certificates validate that clients are allowed to access the API.

• cgroup (control group)

  A group of Linux processes with optional resource isolation, accounting and limits.

  [+]

  cgroup is a Linux kernel feature that limits, accounts for, and isolates the resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O, network) for a collection of processes.

• CIDR

  CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) is a notation for describing blocks of IP addresses and is used heavily in various networking configurations.

  [+]

  In the context of Kubernetes, each Node is assigned a range of IP addresses through the start address and a subnet mask using CIDR. This allows Nodes to assign each Pod a unique IP address. Although originally a concept for IPv4, CIDR has also been expanded to include IPv6.

• CLA (Contributor License Agreement)

  Terms under which a contributor grants a license to an open source project for their contributions.

  [+]

  CLAs help resolve legal disputes involving contributed material and intellectual property (IP).

• Cloud Controller Manager

  Диспетчер облачных контроллеров (Cloud Controller Manager, CCM) — компонент управляющего слоя Kubernetes, встраивающий специфику облака в логику управления. Он позволяет связать кластер с API поставщика облачных услуг и отделить компоненты, взаимодействующие с этой облачной платформой, от компонентов, взаимодействующих только с вашим кластером.

  [+]

  Отделяя логику взаимодействия между Kubernetes и базовой облачной инфраструктурой, компонент cloud-controller-manager позволяет поставщикам облачных услуг выпускать функции, не привязываясь к релизам основного проекта Kubernetes.

• Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)

  The Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) builds sustainable ecosystems and fosters a community around projects that orchestrate containers as part of a microservices architecture.

  Kubernetes is a CNCF project.

  [+]

  The CNCF is a sub-foundation of the Linux Foundation. Its mission is to make cloud native computing ubiquitous.

• Cluster Architect

  A person who designs infrastructure that involves one or more Kubernetes clusters.

  [+]

  Cluster architects are concerned with best practices for distributed systems, for example: high availability and security.

• Cluster Infrastructure
  The infrastructure layer provides and maintains VMs, networking, security groups and others. [+]

  The infrastructure layer provides and maintains VMs, networking, security groups and others.

• Cluster Operations

  The work involved in managing a Kubernetes cluster: managing day-to-day operations, and co-ordinating upgrades.

  [+]

  Examples of cluster operations work include: deploying new Nodes to scale the cluster; performing software upgrades; implementing security controls; adding or removing storage; configuring cluster networking; managing cluster-wide observability; and responding to events.

• Cluster Operator

  A person who configures, controls, and monitors clusters.

  [+]

  Their primary responsibility is keeping a cluster up and running, which may involve periodic maintenance activities or upgrades.
  

  Note:

  Cluster operators are different from the Operator pattern that extends the Kubernetes API.
• Code Contributor

  A person who develops and contributes code to the Kubernetes open source codebase.

  [+]

  They are also an active community member who participates in one or more Special Interest Groups (SIGs).

• ConfigMap

  An API object used to store non-confidential data in key-value pairs. Pods can consume ConfigMaps as environment variables, command-line arguments, or as configuration files in a volume.

  [+]

  A ConfigMap allows you to decouple environment-specific configuration from your container images, so that your applications are easily portable.

• Container Environment Variables

  Container environment variables are name=value pairs that provide useful information into containers running in a pod

  [+]

  Container environment variables provide information that is required by the running containerized applications along with information about important resources to the containers. For example, file system details, information about the container itself, and other cluster resources such as service endpoints.

• Container Lifecycle Hooks

  The lifecycle hooks expose events in the Container management lifecycle and let the user run code when the events occur.

  [+]

  Two hooks are exposed to Containers: PostStart which executes immediately after a container is created and PreStop which is blocking and is called immediately before a container is terminated.

• Container network interface (CNI)

  Container network interface (CNI) plugins are a type of Network plugin that adheres to the appc/CNI specification.

  [+]

  • For information on Kubernetes and CNI, see Network Plugins.
• Container Runtime

  Фундаментальный компонент, который позволяет Kubernetes эффективно запускать контейнеры. Он отвечает за управление исполнением и жизненным циклом контейнеров в рамках Kubernetes.

  [+]

  Kubernetes поддерживает различные среды для запуска контейнеров: containerd, CRI-O и любые реализации Kubernetes CRI (Container Runtime Interface).

• Container Runtime Interface

  Container Runtime Interface (CRI) — это основной протокол для связи между kubelet'ом и исполняемой средой контейнеров.

  [+]

  Интерфейс Kubernetes Container Runtime Interface (CRI) задает основной gRPC-протокол, на базе которого осуществляется коммуникация между компонентами кластера: kubelet'ом и исполняемой средой.

• Container runtime interface (CRI)

  Container Runtime Interface (CRI) — это интерфейс API для исполняемых сред контейнеров, который интегрирует их с kubelet на узле.

  [+]

  Для получения дополнительной информации смотрите API и спецификации CRI.

• Container Storage Interface (CSI)

  The Container Storage Interface (CSI) defines a standard interface to expose storage systems to containers.

  [+]

  CSI allows vendors to create custom storage plugins for Kubernetes without adding them to the Kubernetes repository (out-of-tree plugins). To use a CSI driver from a storage provider, you must first deploy it to your cluster. You will then be able to create a Storage Class that uses that CSI driver.

  • CSI in the Kubernetes documentation
  • List of available CSI drivers
• containerd

  Исполняемая среда для контейнеров с фокусом на простоту, надежность и переносимость.

  [+]

  containerd — исполяемая среда для контейнеров, который запускается как демон в Linux или Windows. containerd заботится о получении и хранении образов контейнеров, запуске контейнеров, предоставлении сетевого доступа и т.д.

• Contributor

  Someone who donates code, documentation, or their time to help the Kubernetes project or community.

  [+]

  Contributions include pull requests (PRs), issues, feedback, special interest groups (SIG) participation, or organizing community events.

• CRI-O

  Инструмент, позволяющий использовать исполняемые среды для контейнеров стандарта OCI с помощью технологии Kubernetes CRI.

  [+]

  CRI-O — это реализация Container runtime interface (CRI), позволяющая использовать исполняемые среды для контейнеров, совместимые со спецификацией runtime Open Container Initiative (OCI).

  Развертывание CRI-O позволяет Kubernetes использовать любую OCI-совместимую исполняемую среду в качестве среды выполнения для подов и загружать контейнерные образы OCI из удаленных реестров.

• CronJob

  Manages a Job that runs on a periodic schedule.

  [+]

  Similar to a line in a crontab file, a CronJob object specifies a schedule using the cron format.

• CustomResourceDefinition

  Custom code that defines a resource to add to your Kubernetes API server without building a complete custom server.

  [+]

  Custom Resource Definitions let you extend the Kubernetes API for your environment if the publicly supported API resources can't meet your needs.

• DaemonSet

  Гарантирует, что копия пода выполняется на множестве узлов кластера.

  [+]

  Используется для развертывания системных демонов, таких как сборщики логов и агенты мониторинга, которые, как правило, должны работать на каждом узле.

• Data Plane
  The layer that provides capacity such as CPU, memory, network, and storage so that the containers can run and connect to a network. [+]

  The layer that provides capacity such as CPU, memory, network, and storage so that the containers can run and connect to a network.

• Developer (disambiguation)

  May refer to: Application Developer, Code Contributor, or Platform Developer.

  [+]

  This overloaded term may have different meanings depending on the context

• Device Plugin

  Device plugins run on worker Nodes and provide Pods with access to resources, such as local hardware, that require vendor-specific initialization or setup steps.

  [+]

  Device plugins advertise resources to the kubelet, so that workload Pods can access hardware features that relate to the Node where that Pod is running. You can deploy a device plugin as a DaemonSet, or install the device plugin software directly on each target Node.

  See Device Plugins for more information.

• Disruption

  Disruptions are events that lead to one or more Pods going out of service. A disruption has consequences for workload resources, such as Deployment, that rely on the affected Pods.

  [+]

  If you, as cluster operator, destroy a Pod that belongs to an application, Kubernetes terms that a voluntary disruption. If a Pod goes offline because of a Node failure, or an outage affecting a wider failure zone, Kubernetes terms that an involuntary disruption.

  See Disruptions for more information.

• Docker

  Docker (в частности, Docker Engine) — это программное обеспечение, реализующее виртуализацию на уровне операционной системы, которая также известна как контейнеризация.

  [+]

  Docker использует возможности изоляции ресурсов ядра Linux, такие как cgroups и пространства имен ядра, а также каскадную файловую систему (например, OverlayFS или другие), чтобы независимые контейнеры могли работать в одном экземпляре Linux без накладных расходов на запуск и поддержку работы виртуальных машин (VM).

• Dockershim

  The dockershim is a component of Kubernetes version 1.23 and earlier. It allows the kubelet to communicate with Docker Engine.

  [+]

  Starting with version 1.24, dockershim has been removed from Kubernetes. For more information, see Dockershim FAQ.

• Downstream (disambiguation)

  May refer to: code in the Kubernetes ecosystem that depends upon the core Kubernetes codebase or a forked repo.

  [+]

  • In the Kubernetes Community: Conversations often use downstream to mean the ecosystem, code, or third-party tools that rely on the core Kubernetes codebase. For example, a new feature in Kubernetes may be adopted by applications downstream to improve their functionality.
  • In GitHub or git: The convention is to refer to a forked repo as downstream, whereas the source repo is considered upstream.
• Downward API

  Kubernetes' mechanism to expose Pod and container field values to code running in a container.

  [+]

  It is sometimes useful for a container to have information about itself, without needing to make changes to the container code that directly couple it to Kubernetes.

  The Kubernetes downward API allows containers to consume information about themselves or their context in a Kubernetes cluster. Applications in containers can have access to that information, without the application needing to act as a client of the Kubernetes API.

  There are two ways to expose Pod and container fields to a running container:

  • using environment variables
  • using a downwardAPI volume

  Together, these two ways of exposing Pod and container fields are called the downward API.

• Drain

  The process of safely evicting Pods from a Node to prepare it for maintenance or removal from a cluster.

  [+]

  The kubectl drain command is used to mark a Node as going out of service. When executed, it evicts all Pods from the Node. If an eviction request is temporarily rejected, kubectl drain retries until all Pods are terminated or a configurable timeout is reached.

• Duration

  A string value representing an amount of time.

  [+]

  The format of a (Kubernetes) duration is based on the time.Duration type from the Go programming language.

  In Kubernetes APIs that use durations, the value is expressed as series of a non-negative integers combined with a time unit suffix. You can have more than one time quantity and the duration is the sum of those time quantities. The valid time units are "ns", "µs" (or "us"), "ms", "s", "m", and "h".

  For example: 5s represents a duration of five seconds, and 1m30s represents a duration of one minute and thirty seconds.

• Dynamic Volume Provisioning

  Allows users to request automatic creation of storage Volumes.

  [+]

  Dynamic provisioning eliminates the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. Instead, it automatically provisions storage by user request. Dynamic volume provisioning is based on an API object, StorageClass, referring to a Volume Plugin that provisions a Volume and the set of parameters to pass to the Volume Plugin.

• Endpoints

  Endpoints track the IP addresses of Pods with matching selectors.

  [+]

  Endpoints can be configured manually for Services without selectors specified. The EndpointSlice resource provides a scalable and extensible alternative to Endpoints.

• EndpointSlice

  A way to group network endpoints together with Kubernetes resources.

  [+]

  A scalable and extensible way to group network endpoints together. These can be used by kube-proxy to establish network routes on each node.

• Ephemeral Container

  A Container type that you can temporarily run inside a Pod.

  [+]

  If you want to investigate a Pod that's running with problems, you can add an ephemeral container to that Pod and carry out diagnostics. Ephemeral containers have no resource or scheduling guarantees, and you should not use them to run any part of the workload itself.

  Ephemeral containers are not supported by static pods.

• etcd

  Консистентное и высокодоступное хранилище данных в формате «ключ-значение», которое используется как основное хранилище всех данных кластера Kubernetes.

  [+]

  Если ваш кластер Kubernetes использует etcd в качестве основного хранилища, убедитесь, что у вас настроено резервное копирование данных.

  Вы можете найти подробную информацию о etcd в официальной документации.

• Event

  Event is a Kubernetes object that describes state change/notable occurrences in the system.

  [+]

  Events have a limited retention time and triggers and messages may evolve with time. Event consumers should not rely on the timing of an event with a given reason reflecting a consistent underlying trigger, or the continued existence of events with that reason.

  Events should be treated as informative, best-effort, supplemental data.

  In Kubernetes, auditing generates a different kind of Event record (API group audit.k8s.io).

• Eviction

  Eviction is the process of terminating one or more Pods on Nodes.

  [+]

  There are two kinds of eviction:

  • Node-pressure eviction
  • API-initiated eviction
• Extensions

  Extensions are software components that extend and deeply integrate with Kubernetes to support new types of hardware.

  [+]

  Many cluster administrators use a hosted or distribution instance of Kubernetes. These clusters come with extensions pre-installed. As a result, most Kubernetes users will not need to install extensions and even fewer users will need to author new ones.

• Feature gate

  Feature gates are a set of keys (opaque string values) that you can use to control which Kubernetes features are enabled in your cluster.

  [+]

  You can turn these features on or off using the --feature-gates command line flag on each Kubernetes component. Each Kubernetes component lets you enable or disable a set of feature gates that are relevant to that component. The Kubernetes documentation lists all current feature gates and what they control.

• Finalizer

  Finalizers are namespaced keys that tell Kubernetes to wait until specific conditions are met before it fully deletes resources marked for deletion. Finalizers alert controllers to clean up resources the deleted object owned.

  [+]

  When you tell Kubernetes to delete an object that has finalizers specified for it, the Kubernetes API marks the object for deletion by populating .metadata.deletionTimestamp, and returns a 202 status code (HTTP "Accepted"). The target object remains in a terminating state while the control plane, or other components, take the actions defined by the finalizers. After these actions are complete, the controller removes the relevant finalizers from the target object. When the metadata.finalizers field is empty, Kubernetes considers the deletion complete and deletes the object.

  You can use finalizers to control garbage collection of resources. For example, you can define a finalizer to clean up related resources or infrastructure before the controller deletes the target resource.

• FlexVolume

  FlexVolume is a deprecated interface for creating out-of-tree volume plugins. The Container Storage Interface is a newer interface that addresses several problems with FlexVolume.

  [+]

  FlexVolumes enable users to write their own drivers and add support for their volumes in Kubernetes. FlexVolume driver binaries and dependencies must be installed on host machines. This requires root access. The Storage SIG suggests implementing a CSI driver if possible since it addresses the limitations with FlexVolumes.

  • FlexVolume in the Kubernetes documentation
  • More information on FlexVolumes
  • Volume Plugin FAQ for Storage Vendors
• Gateway API

  A family of API kinds for modeling service networking in Kubernetes.

  [+]

  Gateway API provides a family of extensible, role-oriented, protocol-aware API kinds for modeling service networking in Kubernetes.

• Group Version Resource
  Также известный как: GVR
  

  Means of representing unique Kubernetes API resource.

  [+]

  Group Version Resources (GVRs) specify the API group, API version, and resource (name for the object kind as it appears in the URI) associated with accessing a particular id of object in Kubernetes. GVRs let you define and distinguish different Kubernetes objects, and to specify a way of accessing objects that is stable even as APIs change.

• Helm Chart

  A package of pre-configured Kubernetes resources that can be managed with the Helm tool.

  [+]

  Charts provide a reproducible way of creating and sharing Kubernetes applications. A single chart can be used to deploy something simple, like a memcached Pod, or something complex, like a full web app stack with HTTP servers, databases, caches, and so on.

• Horizontal Pod Autoscaler
  Также известный как: HPA
  

  An API resource that automatically scales the number of Pod replicas based on targeted CPU utilization or custom metric targets.

  [+]

  HPA is typically used with ReplicationControllers, Deployments, or ReplicaSets. It cannot be applied to objects that cannot be scaled, for example DaemonSets.

• HostAliases

  A HostAliases is a mapping between the IP address and hostname to be injected into a Pod's hosts file.

  [+]

  HostAliases is an optional list of hostnames and IP addresses that will be injected into the Pod's hosts file if specified. This is only valid for non-hostNetwork Pods.

• Image

  Stored instance of a Container that holds a set of software needed to run an application.

  [+]

  A way of packaging software that allows it to be stored in a container registry, pulled to a local system, and run as an application. Meta data is included in the image that can indicate what executable to run, who built it, and other information.

• Immutable Infrastructure

  Immutable Infrastructure refers to computer infrastructure (virtual machines, containers, network appliances) that cannot be changed once deployed.

  [+]

  Immutability can be enforced by an automated process that overwrites unauthorized changes or through a system that won’t allow changes in the first place. Containers are a good example of immutable infrastructure because persistent changes to containers can only be made by creating a new version of the container or recreating the existing container from its image.

  By preventing or identifying unauthorized changes, immutable infrastructures make it easier to identify and mitigate security risks. Operating such a system becomes a lot more straightforward because administrators can make assumptions about it. After all, they know no one made mistakes or changes they forgot to communicate. Immutable infrastructure goes hand-in-hand with infrastructure as code where all automation needed to create infrastructure is stored in version control (such as Git). This combination of immutability and version control means that there is a durable audit log of every authorized change to a system.

• Ingress

  An API object that manages external access to the services in a cluster, typically HTTP.

  [+]

  Ingress may provide load balancing, SSL termination and name-based virtual hosting.

• Init Container

  One or more initialization containers that must run to completion before any app containers run.

  [+]

  Initialization (init) containers are like regular app containers, with one difference: init containers must run to completion before any app containers can start. Init containers run in series: each init container must run to completion before the next init container begins.

  Unlike sidecar containers, init containers do not remain running after Pod startup.

  For more information, read init containers.

• Istio

  An open platform (not Kubernetes-specific) that provides a uniform way to integrate microservices, manage traffic flow, enforce policies, and aggregate telemetry data.

  [+]

  Adding Istio does not require changing application code. It is a layer of infrastructure between a service and the network, which when combined with service deployments, is commonly referred to as a service mesh. Istio's control plane abstracts away the underlying cluster management platform, which may be Kubernetes, Mesosphere, etc.

• Job

  A finite or batch task that runs to completion.

  [+]

  Creates one or more Pod objects and ensures that a specified number of them successfully terminate. As Pods successfully complete, the Job tracks the successful completions.

• JSON Web Token (JWT)

  A means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties.

  [+]

  JWTs can be digitally signed and encrypted. Kubernetes uses JWTs as authentication tokens to verify the identity of entities that want to perform actions in a cluster.

• kOps (Kubernetes Operations)

  kOps will not only help you create, destroy, upgrade and maintain production-grade, highly available, Kubernetes cluster, but it will also provision the necessary cloud infrastructure.

  [+]

  Note:

  AWS (Amazon Web Services) is currently officially supported, with DigitalOcean, GCE and OpenStack in beta support, and Azure in alpha.

  kOps is an automated provisioning system:

  • Fully automated installation
  • Uses DNS to identify clusters
  • Self-healing: everything runs in Auto-Scaling Groups
  • Multiple OS support (Amazon Linux, Debian, Flatcar, RHEL, Rocky and Ubuntu)
  • High-Availability support
  • Can directly provision, or generate terraform manifests
• kube-controller-manager

  Компонент управляющего слоя, который запускает процессы контроллера.

  [+]

  С логической точки зрения каждый контроллер представляет собой отдельный процесс. Но для упрощения все они скомпилированы в один бинарный файл и выполняются в одном процессе.

• kube-proxy

  kube-proxy — сетевой прокси, работающий на каждом узле в кластере и реализующий часть концепции сервиса Kubernetes.

  [+]

  kube-proxy поддерживает сетевые правила на узлах. Эти правила разрешают сетевое взаимодействие с вашимии подами из сетевых сессий внутри и снаружи кластера.

  kube-proxy использует уровень фильтрации пакетов операционной системы, если он доступен. В ином случае kube-proxy сам перенаправляет трафик.

• kube-scheduler

  Компонент управляющего слоя (control plane), который отслеживает недавно созданные поды без назначенного для них узла и выбирает узел, на котором они должны работать.

  [+]

  При планировании учитываются множество факторов, включая индивидуальные и общие требования к ресурсам, ограничения по железу/программному обеспечению/политикам, конфигурация принадлежности (affinity) и непринадлежности (anti-affinity) узлов/подов, местонахождение данных, взаимодействие между рабочими нагрузками и дедлайны.

• Kubeadm

  A tool for quickly installing Kubernetes and setting up a secure cluster.

  [+]

  You can use kubeadm to install both the control plane and the worker node components.

• Kubectl
  Также известный как: kubectl
  

  Command line tool for communicating with a Kubernetes cluster's control plane, using the Kubernetes API.

  [+]

  You can use kubectl to create, inspect, update, and delete Kubernetes objects.

  In English, kubectl is (officially) pronounced /kjuːb/ /kənˈtɹəʊl/ (like "cube control").

• Kubelet

  Агент, работающий на каждом узле в кластере. Он следит за тем, чтобы контейнеры были запущены в поде.

  [+]

  Kubelet принимает набор PodSpecs, которые определяются разными способами и гарантируют работоспособность и исправность определённых в них контейнеров. Kubelet не отвечает за контейнеры, не созданные Kubernetes.

• Kubernetes API

  The application that serves Kubernetes functionality through a RESTful interface and stores the state of the cluster.

  [+]

  Kubernetes resources and "records of intent" are all stored as API objects, and modified via RESTful calls to the API. The API allows configuration to be managed in a declarative way. Users can interact with the Kubernetes API directly, or via tools like kubectl. The core Kubernetes API is flexible and can also be extended to support custom resources.

• LimitRange

  Provides constraints to limit resource consumption per Containers or Pods in a namespace.

  [+]

  LimitRange limits the quantity of objects that can be created by type, as well as the amount of compute resources that may be requested/consumed by individual Containers or Pods in a namespace.

• Logging

  Logs are the list of events that are logged by cluster or application.

  [+]

  Application and systems logs can help you understand what is happening inside your cluster. The logs are particularly useful for debugging problems and monitoring cluster activity.

• Managed Service

  A software offering maintained by a third-party provider.

  [+]

  Some examples of Managed Services are AWS EC2, Azure SQL Database, and GCP Pub/Sub, but they can be any software offering that can be used by an application.

• Manifest

  Specification of a Kubernetes API object in JSON or YAML format.

  [+]

  A manifest specifies the desired state of an object that Kubernetes will maintain when you apply the manifest. For YAML format, each file can contain multiple manifests.

• Master

  Legacy term, used as synonym for nodes hosting the control plane.

  [+]

  The term is still being used by some provisioning tools, such as kubeadm, and managed services, to label nodes with kubernetes.io/role and control placement of control plane pods.

• Member

  A continuously active contributor in the K8s community.

  [+]

  Members can have issues and PRs assigned to them and participate in special interest groups (SIGs) through GitHub teams. Pre-submit tests are automatically run for members' PRs. A member is expected to remain an active contributor to the community.

• Minikube

  A tool for running Kubernetes locally.

  [+]

  Minikube runs an all-in-one or a multi-node local Kubernetes cluster inside a VM on your computer. You can use Minikube to try Kubernetes in a learning environment.

• Mirror Pod

  A pod object that a kubelet uses to represent a static pod

  [+]

  When the kubelet finds a static pod in its configuration, it automatically tries to create a Pod object on the Kubernetes API server for it. This means that the pod will be visible on the API server, but cannot be controlled from there.

  (For example, removing a mirror pod will not stop the kubelet daemon from running it).

• Mixed Version Proxy (MVP)
  Также известный как: MVP
  

  Feature to let a kube-apiserver proxy a resource request to a different peer API server.

  [+]

  When a cluster has multiple API servers running different versions of Kubernetes, this feature enables resource requests to be served by the correct API server.

  MVP is disabled by default and can be activated by enabling the feature gate named UnknownVersionInteroperabilityProxy when the API Server is started.

• Network Policy

  A specification of how groups of Pods are allowed to communicate with each other and with other network endpoints.

  [+]

  Network Policies help you declaratively configure which Pods are allowed to connect to each other, which namespaces are allowed to communicate, and more specifically which port numbers to enforce each policy on. NetworkPolicy resources use labels to select Pods and define rules which specify what traffic is allowed to the selected Pods. Network Policies are implemented by a supported network plugin provided by a network provider. Be aware that creating a network resource without a controller to implement it will have no effect.

• Node-pressure eviction
  Также известный как: kubelet eviction
  

  Node-pressure eviction is the process by which the kubelet proactively terminates pods to reclaim resources on nodes.

  [+]

  The kubelet monitors resources like CPU, memory, disk space, and filesystem inodes on your cluster's nodes. When one or more of these resources reach specific consumption levels, the kubelet can proactively fail one or more pods on the node to reclaim resources and prevent starvation.

  Node-pressure eviction is not the same as API-initiated eviction.

• Operator pattern

  The operator pattern is a system design that links a Controller to one or more custom resources.

  [+]

  You can extend Kubernetes by adding controllers to your cluster, beyond the built-in controllers that come as part of Kubernetes itself.

  If a running application acts as a controller and has API access to carry out tasks against a custom resource that's defined in the control plane, that's an example of the Operator pattern.

• Persistent Volume

  An API object that represents a piece of storage in the cluster. Available as a general, pluggable resource that persists beyond the lifecycle of any individual Pod.

  [+]

  PersistentVolumes (PVs) provide an API that abstracts details of how storage is provided from how it is consumed. PVs are used directly in scenarios where storage can be created ahead of time (static provisioning). For scenarios that require on-demand storage (dynamic provisioning), PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs) are used instead.

• Persistent Volume Claim

  Claims storage resources defined in a PersistentVolume so that it can be mounted as a volume in a container.

  [+]

  Specifies the amount of storage, how the storage will be accessed (read-only, read-write and/or exclusive) and how it is reclaimed (retained, recycled or deleted). Details of the storage itself are described in the PersistentVolume object.

• Platform Developer

  A person who customizes the Kubernetes platform to fit the needs of their project.

  [+]

  A platform developer may, for example, use Custom Resources or Extend the Kubernetes API with the aggregation layer to add functionality to their instance of Kubernetes, specifically for their application. Some Platform Developers are also contributors and develop extensions which are contributed to the Kubernetes community. Others develop closed-source commercial or site-specific extensions.

• Pod

  Самый маленький и простой объект в Kubernetes. Объект Pod — набор запущенных контейнеров в кластере.

  [+]

  Как правило, один под предназначен для выполнения одного основного контейнера. Он также может запускать вспомогательные («прицепные») sidecar-контейнеры, добавляющие новые функциональные возможности, например, логирование. Поды обычно управляются деплойментом.

• Pod Disruption Budget
  Также известный как: PDB
  

  A Pod Disruption Budget allows an application owner to create an object for a replicated application, that ensures a certain number or percentage of Pods with an assigned label will not be voluntarily evicted at any point in time.

  [+]

  Involuntary disruptions cannot be prevented by PDBs; however they do count against the budget.

• Pod Lifecycle

  The sequence of states through which a Pod passes during its lifetime.

  [+]

  The Pod Lifecycle is defined by the states or phases of a Pod. There are five possible Pod phases: Pending, Running, Succeeded, Failed, and Unknown. A high-level description of the Pod state is summarized in the PodStatus phase field.

• Pod Priority

  Pod Priority indicates the importance of a Pod relative to other Pods.

  [+]

  Pod Priority gives the ability to set scheduling priority of a Pod to be higher and lower than other Pods — an important feature for production clusters workload.

• Pod Security Policy

  Enables fine-grained authorization of Pod creation and updates.

  [+]

  A cluster-level resource that controls security sensitive aspects of the Pod specification. The PodSecurityPolicy objects define a set of conditions that a Pod must run with in order to be accepted into the system, as well as defaults for the related fields. Pod Security Policy control is implemented as an optional admission controller.

  PodSecurityPolicy was deprecated as of Kubernetes v1.21, and removed in v1.25. As an alternative, use Pod Security Admission or a 3rd party admission plugin.

• PodTemplate
  Также известный как: pod template
  

  An API object that defines a template for creating Pods. The PodTemplate API is also embedded in API definitions for workload management, such as Deployment or StatefulSets.

  [+]

  Pod templates allow you to define common metadata (such as labels, or a template for the name of a new Pod) as well as to specify a pod's desired state. Workload management controllers use Pod templates (embedded into another object, such as a Deployment or StatefulSet) to define and manage one or more Pods. When there can be multiple Pods based on the same template, these are called replicas. Although you can create a PodTemplate object directly, you rarely need to do so.

• Preemption

  Preemption logic in Kubernetes helps a pending Pod to find a suitable Node by evicting low priority Pods existing on that Node.

  [+]

  If a Pod cannot be scheduled, the scheduler tries to preempt lower priority Pods to make scheduling of the pending Pod possible.

• PriorityClass

  A PriorityClass is a named class for the scheduling priority that should be assigned to a Pod in that class.

  [+]

  A PriorityClass is a non-namespaced object mapping a name to an integer priority, used for a Pod. The name is specified in the metadata.name field, and the priority value in the value field. Priorities range from -2147483648 to 1000000000 inclusive. Higher values indicate higher priority.

• Probe

  A check that the kubelet periodically performs against a container that is running in a pod, that will define container's state and health and informing container's lifecycle.

  [+]

  To learn more, read container probes.

• Proxy

  In computing, a proxy is a server that acts as an intermediary for a remote service.

  [+]

  A client interacts with the proxy; the proxy copies the client's data to the actual server; the actual server replies to the proxy; the proxy sends the actual server's reply to the client.

  kube-proxy is a network proxy that runs on each node in your cluster, implementing part of the Kubernetes Service concept.

  You can run kube-proxy as a plain userland proxy service. If your operating system supports it, you can instead run kube-proxy in a hybrid mode that achieves the same overall effect using less system resources.

• QoS Class

  QoS Class (Quality of Service Class) provides a way for Kubernetes to classify Pods within the cluster into several classes and make decisions about scheduling and eviction.

  [+]

  QoS Class of a Pod is set at creation time based on its compute resources requests and limits settings. QoS classes are used to make decisions about Pods scheduling and eviction. Kubernetes can assign one of the following QoS classes to a Pod: Guaranteed, Burstable or BestEffort.

• Quantity

  A whole-number representation of small or large numbers using SI suffixes.

  [+]

  Quantities are representations of small or large numbers using a compact, whole-number notation with SI suffixes. Fractional numbers are represented using milli units, while large numbers can be represented using kilo, mega, or giga units.

  For instance, the number 1.5 is represented as 1500m, while the number 1000 can be represented as 1k, and 1000000 as 1M. You can also specify binary-notation suffixes; the number 2048 can be written as 2Ki.

  The accepted decimal (power-of-10) units are m (milli), k (kilo, intentionally lowercase), M (mega), G (giga), T (tera), P (peta), E (exa).

  The accepted binary (power-of-2) units are Ki (kibi), Mi (mebi), Gi (gibi), Ti (tebi), Pi (pebi), Ei (exbi).

• RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)

  Manages authorization decisions, allowing admins to dynamically configure access policies through the Kubernetes API.

  [+]

  RBAC utilizes four kinds of Kubernetes objects:

  Role

  Defines permission rules in a specific namespace.

  ClusterRole

  Defines permission rules cluster-wide.

  RoleBinding

  Grants the permissions defined in a role to a set of users in a specific namespace.

  ClusterRoleBinding

  Grants the permissions defined in a role to a set of users cluster-wide.

  For more information, see RBAC.

• Replica

  A copy or duplicate of a Pod or a set of pods. Replicas ensure high availability, scalability, and fault tolerance by maintaining multiple identical instances of a pod.

  [+]

  Replicas are commonly used in Kubernetes to achieve the desired application state and reliability. They enable workload scaling and distribution across multiple nodes in a cluster.

  By defining the number of replicas in a Deployment or ReplicaSet, Kubernetes ensures that the specified number of instances are running, automatically adjusting the count as needed.

  Replica management allows for efficient load balancing, rolling updates, and self-healing capabilities in a Kubernetes cluster.

• ReplicaSet

  A ReplicaSet (aims to) maintain a set of replica Pods running at any given time.

  [+]

  Workload objects such as Deployment make use of ReplicaSets to ensure that the configured number of Pods are running in your cluster, based on the spec of that ReplicaSet.

• ReplicationController

  A workload resource that manages a replicated application, ensuring that a specific number of instances of a Pod are running.

  [+]

  The control plane ensures that the defined number of Pods are running, even if some Pods fail, if you delete Pods manually, or if too many are started by mistake.

  Note:

  ReplicationController is deprecated. See Deployment, which is similar.
• Resource Quotas

  Provides constraints that limit aggregate resource consumption per Namespace.

  [+]

  Limits the quantity of objects that can be created in a namespace by type, as well as the total amount of compute resources that may be consumed by resources in that project.

• Reviewer

  A person who reviews code for quality and correctness on some part of the project.

  [+]

  Reviewers are knowledgeable about both the codebase and software engineering principles. Reviewer status is scoped to a part of the codebase.

• Security Context

  The securityContext field defines privilege and access control settings for a Pod or container.

  [+]

  In a securityContext, you can define: the user that processes run as, the group that processes run as, and privilege settings. You can also configure security policies (for example: SELinux, AppArmor or seccomp).

  The PodSpec.securityContext setting applies to all containers in a Pod.

• Service Catalog

  A former extension API that enabled applications running in Kubernetes clusters to easily use external managed software offerings, such as a datastore service offered by a cloud provider.

  [+]

  It provided a way to list, provision, and bind with external Managed Services without needing detailed knowledge about how those services would be created or managed.

• ServiceAccount

  Отвечает за идентификацию процессов, выполняющихся в поде.

  [+]

  Процессы внутри пода аутентифицируются сервером API и относятся к определенной учетной записи (service account) (например, к default) для доступа к кластеру. Если при создании пода служебная учетная запись не указана, ему автоматически присваивается service account по умолчанию в том же пространстве имен.

• Shuffle-sharding

  A technique for assigning requests to queues that provides better isolation than hashing modulo the number of queues.

  [+]

  We are often concerned with insulating different flows of requests from each other, so that a high-intensity flow does not crowd out low-intensity flows. A simple way to put requests into queues is to hash some characteristics of the request, modulo the number of queues, to get the index of the queue to use. The hash function uses as input characteristics of the request that align with flows. For example, in the Internet this is often the 5-tuple of source and destination address, protocol, and source and destination port.

  That simple hash-based scheme has the property that any high-intensity flow will crowd out all the low-intensity flows that hash to the same queue. Providing good insulation for a large number of flows requires a large number of queues, which is problematic. Shuffle-sharding is a more nimble technique that can do a better job of insulating the low-intensity flows from the high-intensity flows. The terminology of shuffle-sharding uses the metaphor of dealing a hand from a deck of cards; each queue is a metaphorical card. The shuffle-sharding technique starts with hashing the flow-identifying characteristics of the request, to produce a hash value with dozens or more of bits. Then the hash value is used as a source of entropy to shuffle the deck and deal a hand of cards (queues). All the dealt queues are examined, and the request is put into one of the examined queues with the shortest length. With a modest hand size, it does not cost much to examine all the dealt cards and a given low-intensity flow has a good chance to dodge the effects of a given high-intensity flow. With a large hand size it is expensive to examine the dealt queues and more difficult for the low-intensity flows to dodge the collective effects of a set of high-intensity flows. Thus, the hand size should be chosen judiciously.

• Sidecar Container

  One or more containers that are typically started before any app containers run.

  [+]

  Sidecar containers are like regular app containers, but with a different purpose: the sidecar provides a Pod-local service to the main app container. Unlike init containers, sidecar containers continue running after Pod startup.

  Read Sidecar containers for more information.

• SIG (special interest group)

  Community members who collectively manage an ongoing piece or aspect of the larger Kubernetes open source project.

  [+]

  Members within a SIG have a shared interest in advancing a specific area, such as architecture, API machinery, or documentation. SIGs must follow the SIG governance guidelines, but can have their own contribution policy and channels of communication.

  For more information, see the kubernetes/community repo and the current list of SIGs and Working Groups.

• Spec

  Defines how each object, like Pods or Services, should be configured and its desired state.

  [+]

  Almost every Kubernetes object includes two nested object fields that govern the object's configuration: the object spec and the object status. For objects that have a spec, you have to set this when you create the object, providing a description of the characteristics you want the resource to have: its desired state.

  It varies for different objects like Pods, StatefulSets, and Services, detailing settings such as containers, volumes, replicas, ports,
  and other specifications unique to each object type. This field encapsulates what state Kubernetes should maintain for the defined
  object.

• StatefulSet

  Manages the deployment and scaling of a set of Pods, and provides guarantees about the ordering and uniqueness of these Pods.

  [+]

  Like a Deployment, a StatefulSet manages Pods that are based on an identical container spec. Unlike a Deployment, a StatefulSet maintains a sticky identity for each of its Pods. These pods are created from the same spec, but are not interchangeable: each has a persistent identifier that it maintains across any rescheduling.

  If you want to use storage volumes to provide persistence for your workload, you can use a StatefulSet as part of the solution. Although individual Pods in a StatefulSet are susceptible to failure, the persistent Pod identifiers make it easier to match existing volumes to the new Pods that replace any that have failed.

• Static Pod

  A pod managed directly by the kubelet daemon on a specific node,

  [+]

  without the API server observing it.

  Static Pods do not support ephemeral containers.

• Storage Class

  A StorageClass provides a way for administrators to describe different available storage types.

  [+]

  StorageClasses can map to quality-of-service levels, backup policies, or to arbitrary policies determined by cluster administrators. Each StorageClass contains the fields provisioner, parameters, and reclaimPolicy, which are used when a Persistent Volume belonging to the class needs to be dynamically provisioned. Users can request a particular class using the name of a StorageClass object.

• sysctl

  sysctl is a semi-standardized interface for reading or changing the attributes of the running Unix kernel.

  [+]

  On Unix-like systems, sysctl is both the name of the tool that administrators use to view and modify these settings, and also the system call that the tool uses.

  Container runtimes and network plugins may rely on sysctl values being set a certain way.

• Taint

  A core object consisting of three required properties: key, value, and effect. Taints prevent the scheduling of Pods on nodes or node groups.

  [+]

  Taints and tolerations work together to ensure that pods are not scheduled onto inappropriate nodes. One or more taints are applied to a node. A node should only schedule a Pod with the matching tolerations for the configured taints.

• Toleration

  A core object consisting of three required properties: key, value, and effect. Tolerations enable the scheduling of pods on nodes or node groups that have matching taints.

  [+]

  Tolerations and taints work together to ensure that pods are not scheduled onto inappropriate nodes. One or more tolerations are applied to a pod. A toleration indicates that the pod is allowed (but not required) to be scheduled on nodes or node groups with matching taints.

• UID

  Уникальная строка, сгенерированная самим Kubernetes, для идентификации объектов.

  [+]

  У каждого объекта, созданного в течение всего периода работы кластера Kubernetes, есть собственный уникальный идентификатор (UID). Он предназначен для различения схожих сущностей, существовавших в кластере в разное время.

• Upstream (disambiguation)

  May refer to: core Kubernetes or the source repo from which a repo was forked.

  [+]

  • In the Kubernetes Community: Conversations often use upstream to mean the core Kubernetes codebase, which the general ecosystem, other code, or third-party tools rely upon. For example, community members may suggest that a feature is moved upstream so that it is in the core codebase instead of in a plugin or third-party tool.
  • In GitHub or git: The convention is to refer to a source repo as upstream, whereas the forked repo is considered downstream.
• user namespace

  A kernel feature to emulate root. Used for "rootless containers".

  [+]

  User namespaces are a Linux kernel feature that allows a non-root user to emulate superuser ("root") privileges, for example in order to run containers without being a superuser outside the container.

  User namespace is effective for mitigating damage of potential container break-out attacks.

  In the context of user namespaces, the namespace is a Linux kernel feature, and not a namespace in the Kubernetes sense of the term.

• Volume

  A directory containing data, accessible to the containers in a Pod.

  [+]

  A Kubernetes volume lives as long as the Pod that encloses it. Consequently, a volume outlives any containers that run within the Pod, and data in the volume is preserved across container restarts.

  See storage for more information.

• Volume Plugin

  A Volume Plugin enables integration of storage within a Pod.

  [+]

  A Volume Plugin lets you attach and mount storage volumes for use by a Pod. Volume plugins can be in tree or out of tree. In tree plugins are part of the Kubernetes code repository and follow its release cycle. Out of tree plugins are developed independently.

• Watch

  A verb that is used to track changes to an object in Kubernetes as a stream. It is used for the efficient detection of changes.

  [+]

  A verb that is used to track changes to an object in Kubernetes as a stream. Watches allow efficient detection of changes; for example, a controller that needs to know whenever a ConfigMap has changed can use a watch rather than polling.

  See Efficient Detection of Changes in API Concepts for more information.

• WG (working group)

  Facilitates the discussion and/or implementation of a short-lived, narrow, or decoupled project for a committee, SIG, or cross-SIG effort.

  [+]

  Working groups are a way of organizing people to accomplish a discrete task.

  For more information, see the kubernetes/community repo and the current list of SIGs and working groups.

• Вытеснение, инициированное через API

  Вытеснение, инициированное через API, — процесс, при котором с помощью Eviction API создается объект Eviction, который запускает корректное завершение работы пода.

  [+]

  Вытеснение можно запросить через Eviction API, обратившись к нему напрямую, либо программно (через клиент API-сервера — например, с помощью команды kubectl drain). При этом будет создан объект Eviction, на основании которого API-сервер завершит работу пода.

  Вытеснения, инициированные через API, учитывают заданные параметры PodDisruptionBudget и terminationGracePeriodSeconds.

  Вытеснение, инициированное через API, — не то же самое, что вытеснение из-за дефицита ресурсов на узле.

  • Дополнительная информация доступна в разделе "Вытеснение, инициированное API".
• Деплоймент (Deployment)

  Объект API, который управляет реплицированным (т.е. имеющим копии) приложением, обычно путём запуска подов без локального хранения данных (т.е. stateless).

  [+]

  Каждая реплика представлена подом, а все поды распределяются по узлам кластера. Для рабочих нагрузок, требующих локальное хранение данных, стоит обратить внимание на StatefulSet.

• Имя

  Клиентская строка, предназначенная для ссылки на объект в URL-адресе ресурса, например /api/v1/pods/some-name.

  [+]

  Указанное имя может иметь только один объект определённого типа. Но если вы удалите этот объект, вы можете создать новый с таким же именем.

• Кластер

  Набор рабочих машин, называемых узлами, которые запускают контейнеризированные приложения. Кластер имеет как минимум один рабочий узел.

  [+]

  В рабочих узлах размещены поды, которые являются компонентами приложения. Управляющий слой управляет рабочими узлами и подами в кластере. В production-средах управляющий слой обычно запускается на нескольких компьютерах, а кластер, как правило, развёртывается на нескольких узлах, гарантируя отказоустойчивость и высокую доступность.

• Контейнер

  Легковесный и переносимый исполняемый образ, содержащий программное обеспечение вместе со всеми его зависимостями.

  [+]

  Контейнеры изолируют приложения от инфраструктуры хост-машины, чтобы обеспечить простое развёртывание в различных средах облачных платформ и операционных систем, а также упростить масштабирование. Приложения, запускаемые внутри контейнеров, называются контейнеризированными приложениями. Процесс упаковки этих приложений и их зависимостей в образ контейнера называется контейнеризацией.

• Контроллер (Controller)

  Контроллеры в Kubernetes — управляющие циклы (control loops), которые отслеживают состояние вашего кластера, затем вносят или запрашивают изменения там, где это необходимо. Каждый контроллер пытается привести текущее состояние кластера ближе к желаемому состоянию.

  [+]

  Контроллеры отсллеживают общее состояние вашего кластера через API-сервер (часть управляющего слоя).

  Некоторые контроллеры также работают внутри управляющего слоя, реализуя управляющие циклы, которые являются основой для операций Kubernetes. Например: контроллер деплоймента, контроллер DaemonSet'а, контроллер пространства имен и контроллер постоянных томов (и другие) работают с kube-controller-manager.

• Лейбл

  Тегирует объекты произвольными метками, которые идентифицируют их и имеют смысл для пользователей.

  [+]

  Лейблы — это пары «ключ-значение», которые прикрепляются к таким объектам, как под. Они используются для организации и получения подмножеств объектов.

• Нарушение работы подов

  Нарушение работы подов (Pod disruption) — процесс, в ходе которого происходит плановое или внеплановое (принудительное) завершение работы подов на узлах.

  [+]

  Плановое завершение работы подов инициируется владельцами приложений или администраторами кластера. Внеплановое завершение работы обычно вызвано непредвиденными обстоятельствами различной природы, например, недостатком ресурсов на узлах или случайными удалениями.

• Облачный провайдер
  Также известный как: Поставщик облачных услуг (Cloud Service Provider)
  

  Бизнес или другая организация, которая предлагает платформу облачных вычислений.

  [+]

  Облачные провайдеры (Cloud Providers), иногда называемые Поставщиками облачных услуг (Cloud Service Provider, CSPs), предлагают облачные вычислительные платформы или услуги.

  Многие облачные провайдеры предлагают управляемую (managed) инфраструктуру, также называемую Инфраструктура как Услуга (Infrastructure as a Service, IaaS). С управляемой инфраструктурой облачный провайдер отвечает за серверы, хранилище и сеть, в то время как вы управляете слоями поверх этого, такими как запуск Kubernetes кластера.

  Вы также можете найти Kubernetes как управляемый сервис; иногда его называют Платформа как Услуга (Platform as a Service, PaaS). С managed Kubernetes ваш облачный провайдер отвечает за управляющий слой Kubernetes, а также за узлы и инфраструктуру, на которую они полагаются: сеть, хранилище и, возможно, другие элементы, такие как балансировщики нагрузки.

• Объект

  Сущность в системе Kubernetes. Kubernetes использует их для представления состояния кластера.

  [+]

  Объект Kubernetes обычно представляет собой «запись о намерениях»: как только объект создан, управляющий слой Kubernetes обеспечивает гарантию того, что элемент, который этот объект представляет, действительно существует. Создавая объект, вы фактически указываете системе Kubernetes, как должна выглядеть эта часть рабочей нагрузки кластера; это желаемое состояние вашего кластера.

• Пространство имен

  Абстракция, которую Kubernetes использует для изоляции групп ресурсов в рамках одного кластера.

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  Пространства имен используются для организации объектов в кластере и разграничивают ресурсы кластера. Имена ресурсов должны быть уникальными в пределах одного пространства имен, но не в разных пространствах имен. Ограничения на основе пространства имен применимы только к объектам на уровне пространств имен (например, Deployments, Services и т.д.), но не для объектов на уровне кластера (таких как StorageClass, Nodes, PersistentVolumes и т.д.).

• Рабочая нагрузка

  Рабочая нагрузка — это приложение, работающее в Kubernetes.

  [+]

  DaemonSet, Deployment, Job, ReplicaSet и StatefulSet являются основными объектами, представляющими собой различные типы рабочей нагрузки.

  Например, рабочая нагрузка, включающая в себя веб-сервер и базу данных, может запускать базу данных в одном StatefulSet, а веб-сервер — в Деплоймент (Deployment).

• Сбор мусора

  Сбор мусора — это собирательный термин для различных механизмов, используемых Kubernetes для очистки ресурсов кластера.

  [+]

  Kubernetes использует сборку мусора для очистки таких ресурсов, как неиспользуемые контейнеры и образы, неисправные поды, объекты, принадлежащие целевому ресурсу, завершенные задачи и ресурсы, время работы которых истекло или которые завершились ошибкой.

• Секрет (Secret)

  Хранит конфиденциальную информацию, такую как пароли, токены OAuth и ключи SSH.

  [+]

  Позволяет повысить контроль над использованием конфиденциальной информации и снизить риск ее случайного раскрытия. Секретные значения кодируются в формат base64 и по умолчанию хранятся в незашифрованном виде, но могут быть настроены на шифрование "at rest" (при записи в хранилище).

  Под ссылается на секрет разными способами — например, при монтировании тома или как переменную окружения. Секреты предназначены для конфиденциальных данных, а для неконфиденциальных данных предусмотрены ConfigMaps.

• Селектор

  Позволяет пользователям фильтровать список ресурсов по лейблам.

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  Селекторы применяются при создании запросов для фильтрации списков ресурсов по лейблам.

• Сервис (Service)

  Абстрактный способ представления приложения, запущенного в наборе подов, в виде сетевого сервиса.

  [+]

  Набор подов, из которых состоит сервис, определяется (как правило) селектором. Если поды добавляются или удаляются, набор подов, соответствующий селектору, изменится. Сервис гарантирует, что сетевой трафик может быть направлен на текущий набор подов у рабочей нагрузки.

  Сервисы Kubernetes используют либо IP-сеть (IPv4, IPv6 или оба), либо ссылаются на внешнее имя в системе DNS (Domain Name System).

  Абстракция сервиса позволяет работать другим механизмам, такие как Ingress и Gateway.

• Узел

  Узел (node) — рабочая машина в Kubernetes.

  [+]

  Рабочий узел может быть как виртуальной, так и физической машиной, в зависимости от кластера. У него есть локальные демоны или сервисы, необходимые для запуска подов, а сам он управляется управляющим слоем (control plane). Демоны на узле включают в себя kubelet, kube-proxy и исполняемую среду для контейнеров, реализующую CRI (например, Docker).

  В ранних версиях Kubernetes узлы назывались «миньонами» (Minions).

• Управляющий слой (Control Plane)
  Уровень оркестрации контейнеров, предоставляющий API и интерфейсы для определения, развёртывания и управления жизненным циклом контейнеров. [+]

  Уровень оркестрации контейнеров, предоставляющий API и интерфейсы для определения, развёртывания и управления жизненным циклом контейнеров.